Análise de crédito de empresas desobrigadas da emissão de balanço/balancete patrimonial : uma contribuição às instituições de crédito

Abstract

The financial institutions generally base their decisions for granting credit on cadastral register information as well as on the accounting data showed in both the balance sheet and trial balance sheet. This is a customary practice in all financial institutions. Such practice generally originates from the Credit Department. This department is composed of credit analysis technicians duly qualified and authorized to approve or not a credit request. Generally, these credit analysis experts elaborate credit analysis reports based on cadastral register information and also on balance sheet and trial balance sheet. Besides the decisions of the credit analysis technicians, who are usually managed by the Credit Department, there still are the credit decisions that are taken by the bank operational managers or the credit committees of the bank agencies or branch offices. The credits approved by the commercial department most of the time are of a reduced value and intended for small-scaled enterprises. Therefore, the analysts and also the operational managers have to take credit decisions for both the companies that present their balance sheet or trial balance, and the ones that do not. The Brazilian enterprise system is comprised of about 5 million enterprises, from which 99% are micro and small sized companies, generally, being free from presenting their balance sheet and statement of assets and liabilities. Taking all this into consideration, a bibliographical study about these companies was conducted, which emphasized the easy and difficult aspects concerning their survival in a competitive market besides the problems for obtaining credit facility. Therefore the aim of this work is to identify and demonstrate the difficulties, imposed by the financial institutions, for granting credit facility to the companies which do not present their balance sheet and trial balance sheet. Considering this fact, application forms were designed for collecting both the accounting data and the cadastral register information, which are presently being used by the financial institutions, each one having its own method for collecting information. So, aiming at standardizing the accounting information and also the cadastral register data, a new standard application form, accompanied by its instruction manual is now being proposed for the credit analysis of companies that are free from presenting their balance sheet and statement of assets and liabilities. This standard application form was critically examined by 42 credit analysts and operational managers through an empirical research (questionnaire) which has contributed not only to a more detailed analysis of a company, but also to reduce its credit risk. The final appraisal of this research is commented at the end of this work under the item "The Application of the Questionnaire".